The SNP has been accused of “destroying Scotland’s once world-leading education system”.
All three opposition party leaders rounded on Humza Yousaf during FMQs on Thursday to scold him on the recent global education study.
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) study found Scotland’s ranking had slipped.
The country came second last among the UK nations for science and maths and was below England on all measures.
Scotland’s reading level remained above the OECD average.
Scottish Labour leader Anas Sarwar said pupils and teachers are doing a “great job” but are “being let down by this pathetic SNP government”.
He said: “This SNP government’s record and education is a litany of broken promises. Closing the attainment gap, promise broken. Guaranteeing class sizes of 18 or under, promise broken.
“Free school meals for all primary school pupils, promise broken. A digital device for every pupil, promise broken.
“Year after year the SNP make promises to Scotland’s children but year after year they fail to deliver and after 16 years there is no one else to blame.