Businesses in three cities which are enforcing low emission zones say it will have a knock-on impact on the high street.
Glasgow became the first city in Scotland to enforce fines last year, while Dundee, Aberdeen and Edinburgh will follow suit this week.
The scheme is designed to exclude older vehicles from entering specified areas in a bid to improve air quality.
Under the new restrictions, vehicles made before a certain time will not be permitted enter the zone, or drivers could face a fine beginning at £60.
The rules will include diesel vehicles registered before September 2015 and petrol vehicles registered before January 2006.
Blue badge holders are exempt, and taxi drivers have until next year to make sure their vehicles comply.
But businesses across the cities fear new rules will impact footfall.